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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a disease that affects the blood vessels in the limbs where blood circulation is restricted due to blockage of the arteries. This can present from mild symptoms to severe complications such as gangrene and in extreme cases may lead to amputation. It is therefore important to understand the factors that predispose a person to PAD so that early diagnosis can be made. Below are some of the risk factors that can make you have a higher chance of developing PAD.

Smoking and Tobacco Use
Smoking is one of the risk factors that contribute to the development of PAD. The chemicals in cigarette smoke and other tobacco products change the normal metabolism of lipids in the body to encourage the formation of fatty deposits on the arterial walls. Smoking also has a direct impact on the endothelium, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages which are all involved in the progression of atherosclerosis.

It is common knowledge that smoking is injurious to health, especially the heart and blood vessels. It narrows the blood vessels, decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and encourages clot formation. All these factors play a role in the development of atherosclerosis, which leads to the narrowing and the stiffening of the arteries, greatly raising the risk of developing PAD.

Diabetes Mellitus
Another condition that predisposes a patient to PAD is diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for PAD since patients with diabetes are twice at risk of developing PAD as compared to patients without diabetes mellitus. Diabetes has an impact on the body in several ways that lead to the development of PAD. It influences the platelet aggregation which is the clumping of blood cells that results in clot formation, the endothelium, and smooth muscle cells. Diabetes mainly affects the small blood vessels at the lower limbs and results in microvascular disease and higher risk of amputation.

Blood glucose control is important in decreasing the chances of developing PAD in diabetic patients. Daily check of blood glucose level, proper diet, exercise, and proper use of prescribed drugs are some of the important measures that should be taken by the patients suffering from diabetes. Also, periodic visits to a doctor will enable one to be diagnosed of early signs of PAD and other related complications of diabetes.

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
High blood pressure is another common risk factor for PAD or peripheral artery disease. If blood pressure is not controlled, it applies more pressure on the arteries walls and they are likely to develop atherosclerosis (deposition of fatty materials). This results in the cholesterol and other substances forming plaques in the arterial walls due to the damage of the endothelium by high blood pressure.

It is recommended to keep blood pressure below 130/85 mmHg to avoid the occurrence of PAD. There are also non-pharmacological measures that can be taken to manage blood pressure including; low salt diet, weight management, exercise and stress management. Sometimes, drugs are required to maintain the proper blood pressure and prevent the development of PAD and other cardiovascular disorders.

High Blood Cholesterol
Atherosclerosis is associated with high levels of LDL cholesterol which is referred to as ‘bad’ cholesterol. High LDL cholesterol levels cause fatty deposits to form on the inner lining of the arteries that may narrow and cause PAD.

To reduce the risk of PAD, it is advised to reduce the LDL cholesterol levels to below 70 mg/dL. This can be done by modifying the diet for instance by decreasing the amount of saturated and trans fats and increasing the amount of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean meats. Also, drugs like statins may be recommended to reduce cholesterol and prevent atherosclerosis and PAD.

Age
The risk of developing PAD increases with age, particularly in individuals over 65 years old. As we age, the arteries naturally lose some of their elasticity and are more likely to accumulate fatty deposits. This age-related increase in arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis contributes to the higher prevalence of PAD in older adults.

Regular screenings for PAD and other cardiovascular conditions are important for older adults. Early detection and management of risk factors can help prevent the progression of PAD and improve overall vascular health. Staying physically active, maintaining a healthy diet, and managing chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes are key strategies for reducing the risk of PAD in older adults.

Genetics
Family history plays a significant role in the risk of developing PAD. If you have a family history of cardiovascular disease or PAD, you are more likely to develop the condition yourself. Genetic factors can influence various aspects of vascular health, including cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and the propensity for atherosclerosis.

While you cannot change your genetic predisposition, being aware of your family history can help you and your healthcare provider take proactive steps to manage other modifiable risk factors. Regular check-ups, early screenings, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help mitigate the genetic risk of PAD.

Peripheral Artery Disease is a serious condition that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Understanding the risk factors for PAD, such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, age, and genetics, is crucial for early detection and prevention. By adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing chronic conditions, and seeking regular medical care, you can reduce your risk of PAD and improve your overall vascular health. If you have any of the risk factors for PAD or experience symptoms such as leg pain or cramping, it is important to seek medical advice promptly. Early intervention and proactive management can help prevent the progression of PAD and improve your quality of life.