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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a type of circulatory disorder in which the arteries that supply blood to the limbs narrow. This condition is primarily due to atherosclerosis, which is the accumulation of fatty substances, or plaque, on the inner lining of an artery, which then narrows and reduces the amount of blood that can flow through it. Knowledge on the causes of PAD is important in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease. This article aims to identify the main factors and potential threats of PAD and to stress the necessity of preventing the disease and its consequences.

Atherosclerosis: The Primary Cause

PAD is mainly caused by atherosclerosis. This is a progressive disease in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up inside the arteries. These plaques are made up of cholesterol, fatty materials, cellular waste, calcium, and fibrin which is a clotting factor in blood. These substances accumulate in the arteries and reduce the blood flow to different parts of the body such as the legs and feet.

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fatty material in the arteries and the process starts with damage to the inner lining of the artery known as the endothelium. It is known that this damage can be due to hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, and inflammation. When the endothelium is injured, cholesterol and other blood borne substances start depositing at the site of injury. These deposits gradually accumulate and develop into plaques that cause the arteries to narrow and less blood to circulate.

Major Risk Factors for PAD

Several risk factors contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and PAD. These include:

Smoking

Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of PAD. The chemicals in cigarette smoke cause endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and abnormal lipid metabolism which are all atherosclerotic processes. Smoking also leads to increase in blood pressure and reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen which worsens the situation. Smoking cessation is critical in the prevention of PAD and the promotion of vascular health.

Diabetes

PAD is more prevalent in patients with diabetes. Hyperglycemia affects the blood vessels and nerves resulting to poor blood flow and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Diabetes mainly impacts the small blood vessels in the lower limbs and results in microvascular disease and higher risk of amputations. Lifestyle changes and medications that regulate blood sugar are vital to prevent the onset of PAD in diabetic patients.

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of PAD. High blood pressure affects the endothelium and weakens the arteries’ ability to fight off atherosclerosis. Chronic hypertension leads to the hardening and the constriction of the arteries through which blood flows. It is recommended that one should manage their blood pressure by adopting healthy living and taking the right medication in order to avoid the development of PAD.

High Cholesterol

Low density cholesterol or commonly referred to as ‘bad’ cholesterol leads to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. High levels of LDL cholesterol cause deposits of fatty materials within the arterial walls thus reducing the diameter of the arteries and blood flow. Lifestyle changes including dietary changes, exercise, and medication to lower LDL cholesterol is crucial in preventing PAD.

Age

The probability of the development of PAD also rises with age, especially among the elderly population of 65 years and above. Over time, the arteries become somewhat less flexible and are prone to the buildup of fatty materials. Screening for PAD and early diagnosis in elderly people can help in controlling the disease and its progression.

Pre-existing Cardiovascular Disease

Genetic factors also play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease or PAD, and therefore, people with a family history of the conditions are at a higher risk of developing the condition. The genetic aspects can determine the cholesterol level, blood pressure, and the risk of atherosclerosis. Knowing your family history and sharing it with your doctor can aid in preventing and treating possible conditions.

Obesity

One of the most important risk factors of PAD is obesity. Obesity puts pressure on the heart and increases cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. A healthy diet and exercise can also be effective in preventing weight gain and therefore the occurrence of PAD.

Sedentary Lifestyle

Sedentary lifestyle is another modifiable risk factor for the development of PAD. This in turn will reduce the chances of getting a disease related to the heart, better circulation of blood, reduced cholesterol levels and over all body fitness. Exercise is an essential component of the daily regimen that should be followed to avoid the development of PAD and improve the condition of blood vessels.

Early detection and management of these risk factors are critical for preventing PAD and lowering the risk of severe consequences. By adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing chronic conditions, and seeking regular medical care, you can reduce your risk of PAD and improve your overall vascular health. If you have any of the risk factors for PAD or experience symptoms such as leg pain or cramping, it is important to seek medical advice promptly. Early intervention and proactive management can help prevent the progression of PAD and improve your quality of life.